#TL10D: Willpower and Psychosynthesis

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Introduction
While writing #TL04C: The Ultimate Success Secret! I realized that "will" (or "willpower") is an important element. Most likely, willpower plays an important role in the success of people like Bill Gates, Tiger Woods, and Lance Armstrong.

In Psychosynthesis -- a psychology movement founded by Roberto Assiagoli -- will is central. Hence "Psychosynthesis" in the title of this report. Assiagoli is one of the relatively few psychologists who has recognized the importance of will. Fortunately there are more...

We live in a world in which some people live and prosper, more or less as parasites, to a greater or lesser degree, at the expense of others. In order to extract parasitical pay-offs from their victims, parasites thrive by rendering their victims weak-minded, weak-willed, and weak-bodied. Force the suckers into "concentration campuses for mind destruction" ("compulsory state education") -- see Are Our Schools Concentration Campuses for Mind Destruction? Use ever-more intrusive legislation to control their lives in every way possible and make it very clear to them who are their masters. Tax the suckers to the hilt. Use the media to bombard them with messages that constantly reinforce the superiority of the masters and the inferiority of the subjects. See #TL15A: The Good and the Bad.

Are people in general so weak-willed that in some cultures the very concept of will is getting lost? I've just looked through all the mind-maps in 'Maps of the Mind' by Charles Hamden Turner. Will does not appear on even one of them! Have most psychologists erased will from their theories and practices?

If you were confined in a government school, did the teachers guide you in exercises to develop your will? Did they tell you about Erich Fromm's profound essay "On Disobedience"...

Will as Part of the Mind and an Aspect of Intelligence
The "Will" can be regarded as a function or faculty of the Self (more particularly, a faculty of Self2, the Real Self -- see WAKE UP YOUR POWERFUL REAL SELF!

Independence, Self-Direction, Self-Determination, Self-Motivation, Self-Control, Self-Discipline, Self-Reliance, Courage, and Persistence can all be regarded as aspects of Will or the Real Self. Conation can be regarded as synonymous with Will -- see item 12. Conation (or Will) in #TL11: How to Increase Your Intelligence.

Will, Real Self, Self-Direction, etc. are all part of the mind. How well they function can be regarded as an aspect of Intelligence. Do you know of any intelligence tests for the will-related aspects of the mind?

"Conative intelligence" (relating largely to will, motivation, and action) could be included under an expanded version of Gardner's "intrapersonal intelligence."

"Coercion" can be described as the initiation of force/violence, threat of force/violence, or fraud to override, overwhelm, or nullify the will of another, including forcefully or fraudulently depriving another of his or her property."

Coercion can be regarded as a form of stupidity spanning "interpersonal stupidity" and "intrapersonal stupidity." I'm not intelligent enough to use reason to persuade you to do what I desire, so I'll use force. I'm not intelligent enough to earn a living producing honest value, so I'll force you to give me money.

To the extent that you allow others to coerce you, you allow them to override, overwhelm, and nullify your will.

Government by coercion (is there any other?) can be described as institutionalized interpersonal stupidity. See #TL07B: The Nature of Government.

The first step is to realize that you have a will -- more accuaretely, your will is part of your essence -- and it's one of your most important faculties. The second step is to gain understanding tends to weaken your will and what tends to strengthen your will.

Become very aware of when you obey anyone or anything, when you do (or don't) do anything because others are imposing their wills on you. Become very aware whenever anyone coerces or attempts to coerce you. Learn to disobey whenever appropriate. Organize your life and affairs to reduce the degree of coercion you are subjected to.

Realize that whenever you lose emotional control, it represents a failure of your will. Improve your emotional control -- see #TL12: How to Achieve Emotional Control.

Will and Wealth
The book 'The Science of Getting Rich' can be regarded as a methodology for using the will to master wealth. See in particular:

Gurdieff's "I Am" Ecercise
from Gurdjieff's "Life is real only then, when 'I am,' " pp. 134-137

For the correct understanding of the significance of this first assisting exercise, it is first of all necessary to know that when a normal man, that is, a man who already has his real I, his will, and all the other properties of a real man, pronounces aloud or to himself the words "I am," then there always proceeds in him, in his, as it is called, "solar plexus," a so to say "reverberation," that is, something like a vibration, a feeling, or something of the sort.

This kind of reverberation can proceed also in other parts of his body in general, but only on the condition that, when pronouncing these words, his attention is intentionally concentrated on them.

If the ordinary man, not having as yet in himself data for the natural reverberation but knowing of the existence of this fact, will, with conscious striving for the formation in himself of the genuine data which should be in the common presence of a real man, correctly and frequently pronounce these same and for him as yet empty words, and will imagine that this same reverberation proceeds in him, he may thereby ultimately through frequent repetition gradually acquire in himself a so to say theoretical "beginning" for the possibility of a real practical forming in himself of these data.

He who is exercising himself with this must at the beginning, when pronouncing the words "I am," imagine that this same reverberation is already proceeding in his solar plexus.

Here, by the way, it is curious to notice that as a result of the intentional concentration of this reverberation on any part of his body, a man can stop any disharmony which has arisen in this said part of the body, that is to say, he can for example cure his headache by concentrating the reverberation on that part of the head where he has the sensation of pain.

At the beginning it is necessary to pronounce the words 'I am' very often and to try always not to forget to have the said reverberation in one's solar plexus.

Without this even if only imagined experiencing of the reverberation, the pronouncing aloud or to oneself of the words "I am" will have no significance at all.

The result of the pronouncing of them without this reverberation will be the same as that which is obtained from the automatic associative mentation of man, namely, an increase of that in the atmosphere of our planet from our perception of which, and from its blending with our second food, there arises in us an irresistible urge to destroy the various tempos of our ordinary life somehow established through centuries.

This second exercise, as I have already said, is only preparatory; and when you have acquired the knack, as it were, of experiencing this process imagined in yourself, only then will I give you further definite real indications for the actualization in yourself of real results.

First of all, concentrate the greater part of your attention on the words themselves, "I am," and the lesser part concentrate on the solar plexus, and the reverberation should gradually proceed of itself.

At first it is necessary to acquire only, so to say, the "taste" of these impulses which you have not as yet in you, and which for the present you may designate merely by the words "I am," "I can," "I wish."

In concluding my elucidations of this assisting exercise, I will once more repeat, but in another formulation, what I have already said.

If "I am," only then "I can"; if "I can," only then do I deserve and have the objective right to wish. Without the ability to "can" there is no possibility of having anything; no, nor the right to it.

First we must assimilate these expressions as external designations of these impulses in order ultimately to have the impulses themselves. If you several times experience merely the sensation of what I have just called the "taste" of these impulses sacred for man, you will then already be indeed fortunate, because you will then feel the reality of the possibility of sometime acquiring in your presence data for these real Divine impulses proper only to man.

And on these Divine impulses there is based for humanity the entire sense of everything existing in the Universe, beginning from the atom, and ending with everything existing as a whole--and, among other things, even your dollars.

For an all-round assimilation of both these "assisting" or as they might otherwise be called "helping" exercises for the mastering of the chief exercise, I now, at the very beginning of the formation of this new group composed of various persons pursuing one and the same aim, find it necessary to warn you of an indispensable condition for the successful attainment of this common aim, and that is in your mutual relations to be sincere.

The unconditional requirement of such sincerity among all kinds of other conditions existed, as it happened to become known to me from various authentic sources, among people of all past times and of every degree of intellectuality, whenever they gathered together for the collective attainment of some common aim.

In my opinion, it is only by fulfilling this condition for the given proposed collective work that it is possible to attain a real result in this aim which one has set oneself, and which has already become for contemporary people almost impossible.

The resources of the human will are immense and the purpose of this project is to help in actualizing them.

A very important and urgent application of the use of the will is that concerning the great issue of peace and war.

The effective means to change one's inner attitude, both individual and collective, is the constant application of good will. Expressed and applied, good automatically excludes violent conflicts and wars. It would be well to realize this strategic point and to make a campaign for good will, in schools and everywhere, a major concern.

Of course, there are even higher uses of the will. The Transpersonal Will and the unification with the Universal Will can add a still greater incentive and means for the achieving of true peace.

The following program is intended as a preliminary map for further exploration of the will. It can be expanded and modified. It is a basis for future work which can yield enormous rewards.

An international group is gradually being formed to act as a focal point and to pool the responses and experiences of all who wish to take an active part in The Will Project.

For further information contact:
Istituto di Psicosintesi
Via San Domenico n.16 - I
50133 Firenze
Italy
tel: +39 55 57 80 26
fax: +39 55 57 04 99

The will is a key concept within Psychosynthesis as it is the inner force which is available to guide each individual towards self realization and to actualizate the potential of all humanity. Roberto Assagioli, the founder of Psychosynthesis, regarded the will "as the central element and direct expression of the I, or self" (1973, p.245). To help explain the function of the will, he used the analogy of the will as being like the helmsman guiding the ship, providing the direction rather than the power for moving the vessel forward (1973, p.10). The importance accorded the will is reflected in the fact that Assagioli published only two books (in English): the first, Psychosynthesis (1965), discusses the will at length while the second book, The Act of Will (1973) is devoted entirely to this subject. Final evidence of Assagioli's belief in the centrality of the will was his establishment of the "Will Project" which was developed to help actualize the "immense resources of the human will" (1973, p.205) by exploring the will and its practical applications.

Will Parfitt, in his book The Elements of Psychosynthesis, presents the concept of the will more simply by noting that "every choice or decision we make is an act of will" and that consciously connecting with the dynamic energy of the will gives us the ability to be, to do and to become whatever we wish (1994, p.54). Psychosynthesis recognizes that we have many different inner powers, including imagination, emotion and desire. We can develop these powers to help us make wise choices for our own well-being and that of the whole world. Assagioli noted that this work requires the conscious, balanced growth of these inner powers and begins with the recognition and training of the will. He identified the will as central to this process both because of its intimate connection with our personality and the core of our being, our "self", and because of the will's function in "deciding what is to be done, in applying all the necessary means for its realization and in persisting in the task" (1973. p6).

In preparing this paper, I decided that I could best understand the will by applying it to a particular ongoing challenge in my life: the development of my self-esteem. I began by looking at the stages of willing identified by Assagioli (1973, p.7). These are:

Before recognizing that will exists, we may live in a state of inauthenticity, in which our actions are based on social expectation, without regard to, or even awareness of, our own judgements of our circumstances. We feel completely at the mercy of external stimuli; we feel that life "happens to us" and our only form of response is reaction. The attitude that poverty, hatred and environmental destruction are inevitable, that there's nothing we can do so why bother trying, are tragically common examples of having no will.

From this state of having no will, the recognition that will does exist can itself be a transformative experience as it moves us into the realm of possibilities, and so of hope. It also brings with it the opportunity to take personal responsibility for oneself and to experience the sense of personal power which results from having a degree of control over those inner and outer experiences which we allow to shape our lives.

In my own experience, I always remember being aware of will existing (though not in those words) in connection with physical events: I could choose to learn to play the piano, or be a stronger swimmer -- it would just take practice. But truly believing the idea that we can also choose to influence or even change our attitudes and inner qualities is quite new to me. Feeling that I must have been born shy and with low self-esteem, or that world problems are too great or too far away for me to influence left me with no way to move beyond these ideas. However, as I learn that the attitude I bring to a situation or problem, such as the future of humanity, can and does make a difference, then I realize that I can contribute to a solution. When I recognize that my will exists and is at my command, then I can choose if, how and when I want to act. The idea of choice is very empowering on many levels as it means that I can look to myself -- that the answers aren't "out there" as I always used to think -- and that the direction or action I take can be of my own choosing, so it can be tailor-made for me. Knowing that we can make a difference is often the catalyst which allows us to move from having no will to the next stage, that of having a will.

The final stage in the development of the will is the experience of being a will. This is felt as a knowing in our depths of the intimate connection between the will and the self. Assagioli explained this concept by noting that unlike animals, who are aware but not aware of themselves, we can be "self-conscious". However, this self-consciousness is usually distorted by the contents of our consciousness, such as sensations, emotions and thoughts. In order to recognize our "self", we need to disidentify from these contents of the consciousness, and identify with the "self" (Assagioli, 1973, p.12). Meditation and exercises of self-identification are useful methods to achieve this awareness. The ultimate goal of these practices is the "existential experience of pure self-consciousness, the direct awareness of the self, the discovery of the I "(Assagioli, 1973, p.11) as well as its reflection through the Transpersonal Will.

Beyond this level of personal awareness, Assagioli noted that "a further discovery can be made - that of the relationship between the I and the Transpersonal, or higher, Self" (1973, p13). By recognizing the relationship between the individual will and the Transpersonal Will, we become connected with the spiritual aspect of our being. At its highest level, this connection is experienced as joining together with Universal Will, as was demonstrated in the lives of Jesus Christ and the Buddha. As examples of this ultimate relationship, they remind us of the importance of grounding experiences with the spiritual realm in our everyday life so that we may transform ourselves and the world around us.

This need to ground our experience in everyday life brings me back to my own jouney and my desire to understand and develop my own will. For this task, Assagioli's in-depth analysis of the will proved most helpful. Assagioli identified six steps involved in all acts of will. Will Parfitt (1994, p.55-56) simplified Assagioli's original description of the steps involved as follows:

John Cullen (1981) discussed the relevance of this process to management training and its similarity to the standard management functions of planning, organizing, directing and controlling. The powerful results obtainable from using the will are suggested by the similarity between the "Qualities of the Will" identified by Assagioli (1973, p.19) which include energy, discipline, determination, persistence, initiative, and organization, and the similar qualities which we associate with strong business or organizational leaders.

Assagioli also identified four aspects of the fully developed will. These are the strong will, the skillful will, the good will and the Transpersonal Will (1973, p14-18). Although these four facets are each very meaningful in helping me to understand the functioning of the will, I see their relationship somewhat differently than Assagioli. I consider the strong will and the skillful will to be manifestations of the will at the personality level, while the good will is an attitude or value we can express by the way we use the strong and/or skillful will. The use of these aspects of the will is within our awareness and so originates in our field of consciousness. In contrast, the Transpersonal Will operates from the superconscious levels of the psyche (Assagioli, 1973, p. 113) and is an expression of the Transpersonal Self. A description of each of these aspects of the will follows.

The strong will might be considered to be similar to the Victorian concept of willpower with its associated power and energy. However this strength, used in isolation from the skillful or the good will, may be ineffective or even harmful. For example, breaking down a locked door may be unnecessary if a window has been left open. Or the single-minded pursuit of "success" carried out at the cost of hurting friends or family often results in a hollow victory. Thus, the strong, skillful and good will must be developed in a balanced fashion to give us access to the full power of the will.

A second aspect of the will is skillfulness. This faculty allows us to stimulate, regulate and direct all the other facets of our being, our emotions, thoughts, impulses, intuition, imagination and sensations, in order to achieve our desired goal (Assagioli, 1973, p13). It is this function of the will which allows us to choose the action most consistent with our inner attributes or guides us to combine a weak will with other personal drives such as ambition in order to reach our chosen goal. It is this aspect of the will which may also lead us to explore unconscious motives and blocks influencing our behaviour so that we may develop a course of action which takes into account, supports or works on transforming aspects of our personality, based on this awareness.

Looking at the good will, John Cullen has described it as the synthesis of love and will (cited in Clay, 1997). Thus the good will can be developed by choosing aims which are consistent with the welfare of others and the common good of humanity (Assagioli, 1973, p.86). In discussing the good will, Phyllis Clay (1997) notes that, unlike the strong will and the skillful will which can be developed INTRA personally, without regard for others, the good will, as well as the transpersonal will and universal will must be developed INTERpersonally.

Beyond living our lives at the personality level, we can come to experience the higher realms: the Transpersonal Self, and its expression through the Transpersonal Will. This discovery may occur through an experience of spontaneous illumination as reported by R. M. Bucke in Cosmic Consciousness or in William James' The Varieties of Religious Experience; it may be felt as a 'call' or 'pull' from a Higher Power; or it may be cultivated by an upward expansion of our consciousness through prayer, meditation or exercises for this purpose. Assagioli pointed out the importance of the will in working with our consciousness; he noted the will's role in overcoming obstacles, in maintaining a receptive state, in acting as a propellant to attain and stabilize the consciousness at its higher levels, as well as in directing and making use of the energies released (1991, p.48).

All aspects of the will can be enhanced with training and practice, and performing actions as "acts of will" sets what Ferrucci calls an avalanche process in motion (1982, p.75) whereby once we use our will, it enables us to use our will further.

However, despite our efforts at growth, obstacles may appear on this path. Aspects of our personality may cloud our awareness or divert our attention. Conversely, the devastating inequities and pain suffered by much of humanity coupled with our new awareness of our unity with all may overwhelm and incapacitate us. Here again the remedy lies in the use of the will to focus our attention on the actions we determine to be most appropriate. This use and development of the will is supported and enhanced by practices such as meditation and the use of the Self-Identification exercise.

In terms of my personal growth, it was helpful for me to look at my goal of improving my self-esteem from the perspective of my higher purpose. I thought about the feeling of transcendence which I experienced at a time of confusion and lack of meaning in my life.This was a pivotal point on my spiritual journey and left me with adeep knowing that I was Child of God, whole and complete just as I am. This left me with such an amazing feeling of having a purpose in life, of knowing that I could do and be all that was mine to do. I remember the sense that anything was possible and the knowing that I could fulfill my purpose, just by using the gifts I possess. In remembering this experience an interesting shift occurred: the importance of having self-esteem fell away. It became obvious that raising my self-esteem was a goal set by my personality, so I could feel better about myself while I was fulfilling my life's purpose. From this perspective it seemed that I had the process reversed, or had misunderstood the requirements; I could now see that in working towards fulfilling my purpose, any higher self-esteem necessary would be a by-product of that process. How enlightening: by staying connected with this "knowing" I can now redirect my will to use my energies in a much more purposeful pursuit than just the development of self-esteem for its own sake. I can focus on finding my life's purpose and on carrying it out!

Whether it is the attainment of goals we set from our own center, or the development of the connection with our spiritual nature, the will in its many forms plays a central role in our aspirations towards s/Self realization. The understanding of the will and its development provided through Psychosynthesis is a major contribution to humankind, both individually and in its totality, as it is through the skillful use of the will, complemented by love, that humanity will achieve its greatest potential.

References
Assagioli, R. (1965) Psychosynthesis: A Manual of Principles and Techniques. New York: Penguin.
Assagioli, R. (1973) The Act of Will. New York: Penguin.
Assagioli, R. (1991) Transpersonal Development: The Dimension Beyond Psychosynthesis. London: HarperCollins.
Clay, P. L. (1997) Will Project. E-mail of 9/22/97: psychosynthesis@callutheran.edu.
Ferrucci, P. (1982) What We May Be. Los Angeles: j.P. Tarcher.
Parfitt, W. (1994) The Elements of Psychosynthesis. Rockport, MA: Element.

1. Introduction
The theory and practice of psychosynthesis began with the work of the Italian psychiatrist, Roberto Assagioli. In a doctoral thesis in 1910, Dr. Assagioli presented his vision of a holistic approach in psychology emphasizing growth and including the spiritual dimension of human experience. He set out to form a psychology of the whole person, focusing his studies on the higher aspects of human nature.

As he proceeded to develop psychosynthesis, Assagioli was joined by increasing numbers of students and colleagues from many countries. Some only read his articles, some studied with him personally, and many were inspired to practice psychosynthesis. Each could contribute to the growth of psychosynthesis in their own personal style, and they adapted psychosynthetic principles and techniques to the societies in which they worked. No orthodox method was devised for application by all psychosynthesists, and no centralized organization was formed.

By remaining open and adaptable to a wide range of personal and cultural styles, the psychosynthesis; movement established a context for a tremendous richness, variety and creative freedom. At the same time, its openness and diversity led to a certain degree of fragmentation. There was no coordination of the movement as a whole. No formal structure existed for independent workers to share new developments in psychosynthesis. No one person could form an accurate picture of psychosynthesis in its totality.

A further difficulty in forming a complete picture of psychosynthesis has been its openness to continuous growth. By nature, it is dynamic and changing. There has been a reluctance to define it or to formulate a precise theory, since definitions can be limiting. It is often described as a process or a way of life rather than a theory or a specific point of view.

I believe psychosynthesis has now reached a stage where the elements of a complete theory are emerging. The literature and practice of psychosynthesis embody repeated themes - definite patterns that give psychosynthesis a unique identity. Psychosynthesis does have its boundaries, its special emphases, an underlying unity, and a particular place in the world of Western psychology.

To convey the wholeness and uniqueness of psychosynthesis, I have written two articles. Together they present a picture of an open system with a specific historical background and a broad framework of interrelated concepts. This article, Psychosynthesis in Western Psychology, explores the growth of psychosynthesis and several major Western and Eastern influences on its development. The companion article, Seven Basic Constructs of Psychosynthesis, presents seven sets of ideas which form the foundation for a theory of psychosynthesis.

2. Growing Toward Wholeness
As psychosynthesis moved toward achieving a coherent form over several decades, it was relatively unknown in the field of Western psychology. Like a babe in the womb, it was growing quietly, almost unnoticed. Assagioli nurtured it through his writing and teaching. In time, there were a few colleagues who helped to discover and formulate various aspects of psychosynthesis through intuitive explorations as therapists and educators. They drew inspiration from many sources in the East and the West.

By the 1960's, psychosynthesis centers had been founded in several countries, and the writings of Assagioli's co-workers were being published. Psychosynthesis had expanded from one man's vision into a unique, multifaceted entity. The sixties were a period of rapid growth with several new centers founded in Europe and the Americas, new classes and workshops presented to professional conferences and to the public, and a growing body of psychosynthesis literature produced. Assagioli's first book, Psychosynthesis was published in 1965 and many psychosynthesis monographs were printed. By the end of the decade professional training programs for psychotherapists were being developed in Europe, Canada, and the United States.

Psychosynthesis had been horn in relative obscurity but was now an outgoing, active child. Its identity was incomplete and it was not fully mature, but its outlines and its potential~ were becoming evident for all to see. In the larger world of Western psychology, psychosynthesis was recognized as one of many humanistic/existential approaches which were being embraced by increasing numbers of professionals.

In the 1970's, the young psychosynthesis movement found its true home in the field of Western psychology. In this decade, a growing number of psychologists focused on the need for integrating the spiritual or transcendent aspects of human experience into the world of scientific psychology. They recognized the advent of transpersonal psychology as a major new development in their field. Psychosynthesis was essentially a transpersonal approach from the beginning, and many professionals could now acknowledge it as a significant factor in their work.

By the mid- to late- 1970's, some training programs in psychosynthetic psychotherapy developed graduate-level curriculums. This was a sign that psychosynthesis had reached a state of wholeness. It had developed a coherent identity. It could be taught systematically to others in recognized study programs.

This sense of wholeness-this broad framework and set of techniques which can be communicated through training programs to therapists - is actually only one facet of psychosynthesis. There are clear indications of greater wholes to come. Training programs for educators have been evolving for many years, and some groups have explored applications of psychosynthesis in areas other than professional training. Programs for personal and spiritual growth have now been developed, applications of psychosynthesis to interpersonal relationships and to social groups are being explored, and there are signs of movement toward a comprehensive theory of psychosynthesis and toward research.

The various forms of psychosynthesis share a tradition that this article continues to explore in the next section. The nature of psychosynthesis is clarified by relating it to four phases in the development of Western psychology: psychoanalytic, behaviorist, humanistic, and transpersonal. The works of Carl Jung, William James, and Abraham Maslow are discussed as major Western influences, while raja yoga and karma yoga are presented as major Eastern influences on psychosynthesis.

3. The Five Forces in Psychology
A model for viewing the history of Western psychology delineates several major phases of its development. Abraham \Maslow suggested this model when he designated the humanistic approach as "the third force". He was indicating that humanistic psychology was a major development distinct from psychoanalysis and behaviorism. He also anticipated fourth and fifth forces, which he labeled "transpersonal" and "transhuman." (Goble, 1970)

Assagioli also recognized five forces, labeling the fifth "psycho-energetics." (Assagioli, 1980) This is the study of all experiences as energy, and relates modern psychology to the new physics. (Gerard, 1973) Psychosynthesis is closely aligned with the third, fourth and fifth forces. Various psychosynthesists emphasize one or another of these three in their work. My view is that psychosynthesis is essentially a transpersonal or fourth force approach. Since the fifth force is relatively undeveloped, I concentrate on the first four forces as I explore the nature of psychosynthesis below.

Two scientific approaches to the study of human behavior and psychological healing began around the turn of the century with the work of Sigmund Freud and John B. Watson. Several brilliant psychologists including Alfred Adler, Otto Rank, Carl Jung, William James, and Roberto Assagioli were developing alternative theories as the twentieth century was dawning, yet Freud's psychoanalysis and Watson's behaviorism remained the dominant forces in psychology for several decades. The analysts probed the inner world of thoughts and feelings, and an "unconscious" formed in childhood. The behaviorists focused their studies on outward behaviors that were observable and measurable.

Psychoanalysis and behaviorism continued to predominate into the 1950's, while a new trend in psychology was growing out of the philosophy of existentialism. Departing from a strictly mechanistic view of human nature and paralleling the social liberation movements in the early 1960's, a "human potential movement" emerged. Specifically human concerns came to the foreground. identity, authenticity, anxiety, suffering, meaning, love, encounter, social change. Humanistic/existential approaches in psychotherapy became so wide-spread and effective that they were recognized by many as a "third force" in psychology. (Goble, 1970; Van Kaam, 1960)

Before the humanistic approach had fully formed, a fourth force was identified and developed in the 1960's and 1970's as transpersonal psychology. The transpersonal approaches focus on the capacity to reach the extraordinary, the miraculous, the transcendent. This fourth force psychology aims to understand and foster the human potential to experience high states of consciousness, "superhuman" abilities, spiritual disciplines, universal qualities and energies, essence, and species-wide synergy.

4. The Pioneering Work of Assagioli
Through the 1970's, there was a growing recognition and acceptance of transpersonal psychology as the "fourth force." In the same decade, psychosynthesis was developing a coherent identity, a sense of wholeness. The earlier explorations of Assagioli and his co-workers had foreshadowed several major features of the fourth force. the combining of separate developments in psychology in a broad framework. the joining of the scientific and the spiritual, the study of alternative realities and altered states of consciousness, and promoting growth beyond the ego. Thus it was a natural step for psychosynthesis to he acknowledged as an established aspect of transpersonal psychology.

Psychosynthesis had been humanistic and transpersonal since its inception in 1910. Roberto Assagioli was ahead of his time. He was pioneering an approach that was not to be widely recognized and appreciated until the time of his death in 1974.

In the early days, while Assagioli was making a radical departure from psychoanalysis, he did not reject psychoanalytic ideas and techniques altogether. For him, psychoanalysis was good as far as it went, but it remained incomplete. His aim was to include the ideas of the psychoanalytic approach in a broader context. This notion - that new developments in psychology could include the former in a larger whole - would later become a key feature of transpersonal psychology theory. (Wilbur, 1979, 1980)

Assagioli firmly believed that his departure from pure behaviorism or psychoanalysis was not a rejection of science:

Here again, Assagioli was the forerunner of a key feature of transpersonal psychology theory. Charles Tart, for example, made a strong case for the synthesis of the scientific and the spiritual in his Transpersonal Psychologies. (Tart, 1975)

5. The Influence of Jung
Although psychosynthesis remained behind the scenes in the early decades of this century, Assagioli was not alone. Two prominent contemporaries whose ideas were most compatible with his were Carl Jung and William James. The works of these two men have been major sources of inspiration for the development of psychosynthesis.

Jung, like Assagioli. was a scholar who studied many cultures and spiritual traditions. Jung was particularly intrigued with the function of symbols and images in the human psyche. He formulated the idea of a collective unconscious - a universal level of human experience. He turned to the worlds of dreams and fantasies as rich sources of understanding human development. As the years passed, psychosynthesis came to make extensive use of personal and universal symbols to promote healing and growth. Guided imagery became a major tool in psychosynthetic psychotherapy and education. Assagioli adapted and extended many Jungian concepts, and other psychosynthesists have continued this tradition.

6. The Influence of James
William James was the other early contemporary of Assagioli whose work has contributed significantly to the development of psychosynthesis. James was particularly interested in altered states of consciousness. By contrast with the psychoanalysts of his day, whose focus was creating the well-adjusted individual who was effective in the social "reality," James was exploring many alternative realities.

Assagioli, like James, thought that a truly scientific approach in psychology required an open mind - an attitude of willingness to investigate all phenomena of our psychological life. The psychosynthesis theory of the self included an explanation for the experience of going beyond ordinary reality. Such transcendent experiences have been reported by creative geniuses in the arts and sciences as well as by mystics of many cultures. The experience of altered states of consciousness - of alternative realities beyond the realm of the ego, outside the cultural consensus of a particular time and place - was thus seen as a legitimate area of inquiry in psychology before the 1920's. Once again, psychosynthesis anticipated by several decades a focal point of the fourth force psychology. (Walsh and Vaughan, 1980)

7. The Influence of Maslow The seeds of the third and fourth forces are found in the work of Abraham Maslow. (Maslow, 1968, 1971) Psychosynthesis is deeply compatible with Maslow's ideas. Assagioli and other psychosynthesists including Crampton, Gerard, and Haronian, drew a great deal of inspiration from Maslow's work.

Maslow differed from many of the great psychologists before him in that he studied healthy people - gifted, creative, effective human beings. His predecessors had usually studied neurotics or psychotics and then devised a theory of human nature and methods of healing. Maslow's path was a significant departure from this, and it fit perfectly with Assagioli's emphasis on the highest human potentials and abilities - what Maslow eventually called "the farther reaches of human nature." (Maslow, 1971)

8. Psychosynthesis Emphasizes the Practical
Psychosynthesists embraced parts of Maslow's work to make their own discipline more comprehensive and holistic. Maslow developed abstract ideas about healthy people and psychosynthesists designed practical techniques to facilitate the natural growth process toward more healthy states. Maslow's research indicated that especially productive, effective people had frequent peak experiences - experiences that transcended their ordinary everyday world. Psychosynthesists before and after Maslow's time developed specific meditations, imagery techniques and group processes that created an atmosphere mind-set that allowed peak experiences to occur. They also developed ways of "grounding," bringing the expanded awareness or identity experienced at a peak moment into the everyday world, so the quality of life is transformed.

Maslow studied creative people and determined many of their characteristics. Psychosynthesists moved toward developing systematic ways of enhancing creativity. With the humanistic or third force interest in love, psychosynthesists developed methods for contacting and expressing love. Crampton gave the example of psychosynthesis group work encouraging communication at the heart level. (Crampton, 1972) Stauffer developed a role playing technique for transcending anger, practicing forgiveness, and expressing unconditional love. (Stauffer, 1975) Gerard developed an imagery technique for contacting and expressing love in interpersonal relationships. (Gerard, 1967) Many ideas of Maslow and others have come alive as practical techniques in the practice of psychosynthesis.

Having presented some of the parallel developments in psychosynthesis and in psychology generally, I now continue by discussing more details that make psychosynthesis unique. I compare and contrast psychosynthesis with each of four' major forces in psychology. Then I proceed to explore the nature of psychosynthesis as a spiritual psychology.

9. The First Force: Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is based on a medical model: diagnosing people and providing treatment so they can become well-adjusted to their social environment. Psychosynthesis is based on a growth model: assessing people's strengths and weaknesses and assisting them in self-improvement, self-fulfillment, and transformation. The unhealthy effects of negative childhood experiences, identified by Freud as causes of neurotic patterns, are acknowledged and worked with actively in psychosynthesis. At times, defenses and resistances to health and growth are confronted with psychoanalytic interpretations.

Psychoanalysis looks to a personal unconscious based on past history for the source of psychological problems. Psychosynthesis includes looking to a "higher unconscious" - a realm of the future, of hidden potentials - and it confronts blocks to discovering and actualizing latent talents and abilities. In the therapeutic relationship, some psychosynthesists substitute the terms "guide" and "traveler" for "doctor" and "patient," changing some of the traditional metaphors of psychotherapy in the direction of increased self-reliance. Because psychosynthesis goes beyond treatment of illnesses to fostering well-being and growth, it is an educational as well as a therapeutic approach.

10. The Second Force: Behaviorism While the behaviorists were studying only observable behavior, psychosynthesis was exploring deep within the person - the realm of feelings and images, beliefs and attitudes, and the deeper levels of an inner core of being. Even so, there has always been a central concern with behavior change in psychosynthesis. Insight is not enough: "grounding" is also necessary. Grounding involves taking practical action based on new insights so the quality of life and relationships changes during the process of psychosynthesis.

Perhaps Assagioli's greatest gift was a form of grounding: an ability to translate the abstract into the practical. He translated Eastern spiritual concepts into Western psychological terms. Psychosynthesis de-mystified such human functions as imagination, intuition and will, formulating systematic means of training them. Psychosynthesis has also directly adapted second force ideas: the behaviorist method of "systematic desensitization," a technique for dealing with phobias, has been combined effectively with guided imagery by psychosynthesis therapists. (Gerard, 1961)

11. The Third Force: Humanistic Psychology
Assagioli discussed the many similarities of the third force psychology with psychosynthesis in the introduction to his first book. (Assagioli, 1965) He listed these similarities: the central concern with human identity; acknowledging each person as unique; 'valuing growth; recognizing the capacity of individuals to discover meaning in life; acknowledging that we can take responsibility and be aware of motivations; recognition of the role of anxiety and suffering in life; and seeing the future as playing a dynamic role in the present.

Assagioli then went on to list differences - aspects that he thought received special emphasis in psychosynthesis by contrast with other existential/humanistic systems. He noted the emphasis on the will as an essential function of the self; the idea of a self which is an experience of awareness beyond any content; the recognition and active fostering of positive, creative, joyous experiences; the idea that in psychosynthesis loneliness is not seen as ultimate or essential; the use of "active techniques:" (1) for transforming, sublimating, or redirecting psychological energies, (2) for strengthening undeveloped functions, and (3) for activation of superconscious energies or latent potentials; and the conscious and planned reconstruction of the personality.

These lists are worthy of review and contemplation. They give a concise and comprehensive picture of many of the key elements of psychosynthesis.

The uniqueness of psychosynthesis is underscored by contrasting it with specific humanistic modalities that came to prominence in the 1960's. Rational emotive therapy, for example, works with the mind, developing new ways of reasoning to change emotional reaction patterns. (Ellis, 1961) Psychosynthesis also encourages new ways of using the thinking mind but includes the training of non-rational mental functions. Specific exercises are provided for training the mind so that one can take a centered stance, focus and direct energies, and become more intuitive.

Another humanistic modality, gestalt therapy, has emphasized work with the emotions, being in the present, and was inspired by Zen. Psychosynthesis, while not excluding work with the emotions, emphasizes work with the mind, moving toward the future, and was inspired by raja yoga and karma yoga. Gestalt philosophy and techniques are often used in psychosynthesis to promote awareness and a sense of responsibility for oneself and one's actions. The spiritual aspect of psychosynthesis extends this notion of responsibility by seeing individual growth in a broad context: each person is an integral member of various groups and of the larger family of humanity, with the responsibility to support others' growth along with one's own. (Assagioli, 1965)

12. The Fourth Force: Transpersonal Psychology
I have noted how psychosynthesis foreshadowed many of the key elements of the fourth force in psychology: the inclusion of earlier developments in a new whole; the joining o~f the scientific and the spiritual; the study of altered states; and fostering growth beyond the ego. Some in the transpersonal movement went deeply into meditative and esoteric studies, while psychosynthesists continued to emphasize the translation of abstract teachings into practical exercises and into Western psychology theory. Other transpersonal approaches pursued deep explorations into the way of the heart, or the spiritual aspects of body work, while psychosynthesis continued to emphasize the exploration of spirit through the way of the mind and the way of action. These contrasts convey the unique flavor of psychosynthesis among transpersonal modalities, but psychosynthesis actually aims to achieve a harmonious balance of love and will, and an integration of all levels - physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual.

To clarify the psychosynthesis view of the transpersonal, let's look at a psychosynthesis model of the personality as a three-part structure - physical body, emotions, and thinking mind - with an integrating or coordinating center, the self. Beyond the personality's world of everyday actions, personal feelings and thoughts is the trans-personal: the realm of abstract thinking, intuition, and the mystical or superconscious experiences of a soul or Higher Self. Also transcending the world of personal concerns is the larger world of group life - other human beings with alternative values, needs, and points of view.

The transpersonal perspective of psychosynthesis is that the personality is a vehicle through which the qualities of higher consciousness can be expressed in the everyday world, and that this personality is interdependent with all other personalities. In psychosynthesis, then, the idea of a transpersonal realm takes on meaning not as something mysterious and apart, but as a living experience of the person that can be integrated into the world of daily activities and relationships.

One does not merely go into some transcendent state, leaving the personality and the world behind. The qualities and abilities of higher consciousness are brought into this world for the transformation of the quality of life here and now. (Miller, 1981)

In psychosynthesis the movement into the transpersonal occurs in two overlapping steps. Step1 is "personal psychosynthesis" where the goal is personal integration: the creation of a harmonious personality. This is achieved by learning centering, gaining the ability to disidentify from the ego patterns, roles or personality contents, and to identify with the centered self within - the integrating force in the personality. Step II is transpersonal or "spiritual psychosynthesis," where the goal is to synthesize the integrated personality with the extraordinary qualities and abilities contacted in the transcendent dimensions. This is achieved by dialoguing with the Higher Self, the Transpersonal Self, and through meditation, visualization, journal-keeping and spiritual group work. Spiritual psychosynthesis aims at the fusion of the centered or personal self with a Higher Self within, so that the individual becomes purposeful, wise, loving, creative, and a positive force in the healing and growth of humanity.

13. Psychosynthesis: A Spiritual Psychology
Psychosynthesis encourages creative change. It fosters new developmental steps. Each step is considered spiritual when placed in perspective as one element in the larger pattern of one's life purpose. Each step is spiritual when it benefits self and others, harming no one.Each step is spiritual when it promotes the well-being of the whole of life.

Spirituality in psychosynthesis also means balancing times of struggle and work with times of humor and recreation. It means taking actions which follow high principles: a willingness to be firm in the face of injustice and courageous in times of adversity. To be spiritual is to live by values and attitudes which are humanistic, progressive and democratic; to be actively concerned with the meaning and purpose of life; and to relate one's personal development to universal development.

This view of the spiritual is echoed by other authors. A management consultant wrote In Search of a Corporate Soul, which speaks of the need for "purposeful leaders" whose task is to " ... minimize destructive individual behavior and to persuade people to sacrifice some of their own personal goals and needs for the good of the whole." (D'Aprix, 1976) Carl Jung also points to this view of the spiritual in Modern Man in Search of a Soul. (Jung, 1933) This book mentions people who may not be affiliated with an organized religion but who nevertheless "... have experienced the soul as vividly as the body and for whom ~ a religious attitude to life is as essential to them as a belief in the authenticity of science." In psychosynthesis, the religious term "soul" is related to the psychological terms "Higher Self" or "Transpersonal Self."

Assagioli, like Jung, posited that the spiritual realm is not necessarily connected to any particular religious group, and psychosynthesis continues to draw inspiration from all the great religious traditions. The practical psychological methods of psychosynthesis are a useful adjunct to formal religious practices as well as an enhancement of the quality of life for individuals who are not affiliated with any particular religion. The spiritual in psychosynthesis encompasses ~ anything which involves values higher than the average, including empathetic understanding, altruistic love, deep wisdom, creative inspiration, an appreciation of beauty, a sense of responsibility, a feeling of wanting to contribute, as well as so-called mystical experiences of universality, of oneness with the cosmos. '(Gerard, 1961)

14. The Influence of Raja Yoga and Karma Yoga
The word "yoga" means "yoke" - the frame with which an ox can be harnessed to a plow. Yoga is the harnessing of one's energies by pursuing a discipline. "Yoga" also means "union," feeling attuned to higher human qualities and to universal patterns and energies, or in religious terms, union with God.

In raja yoga, movement toward a high quality of life is fostered by training the mind. The intellectual aspect of the mind is nurtured by studying abstract ideas and by exploring and applying inspirational teachings. In addition to these broad perspectives and new creative ideas, the high energies contacted in the meditation process also impact the intellect and transform it. As the mind becomes illuminated, the quality of thinking is uplifted.

Translating raja yoga philosophy into Western psychological terms and methods, psychosynthesis fosters mental development by study of the basic constructs - the fundamental themes of psychosynthesis theory-and through systematic training in meditation. Meditation in the raja yoga system supports the capacity for self-mastery and self-initiated change. Meditation develops the abstract mind. The ability of the mind to become still, to focus, concentrate, and direct thinking creatively leads to new perceptions, new experiences, new ways of being in the world. Thus in psychosynthesis specific exercises expand the ability of the mind to observe objectively and to direct attention at will.

Meditative techniques begin with simple concentration exercises, then move to the "disidentification exercise" in which one mentally shifts identity away from the personality contents - movements, sensations, feelings, or thoughts - and identifies with a center of pure awareness within, the personal self. More advanced meditations include visualizing symbols of the Higher Self, light, energy flows, and energy fields. The power of the imagination is harnessed for evoking healing symbols and thoughts, and for directing positive energies to self and others. The power of the focused mind is also used to create the images, affirmations. goals, visions, the ideal models, which lead the personality forward on the path of growth.

The commitment in psychosynthesis to taking action in the world based on the insights gained through therapeutic work, exercises, and meditations, is related to karma yoga. Karma yoga is the yoga of works of action in the world. In this discipline, one may take constructive action to consciously participate in a larger plan of human evolution, thus achieving union with the greater whole. To be spiritual does not mean to merely sit alone in meditation or prayer, but to take the inner energies, insights, or qualities contacted and apply them in the world of everyday living. In psychosynthesis this is called "grounding." In the karma yoga view of life. even the most simple or mundane chores are an opportunity to live with expanded awareness, or with a high quality of being. The creation of joy, peace, or any other great quality while doing daily routines is a demonstration of spiritual psychosynthesis.

15. Summary
Psychosynthesis began in 1910 as Roberto Assagioli set out to develop a psychology of the whole person including the spiritual dimension. After half a century of evolution, psychosynthesis began to achieve a coherent identity and recognition in the world of Western psychology.

In the 1960's and 1970's. psychosynthesis centers developed professional training programs and graduate-level curriculums eventually emerged. This is a sign that psychosynthesis had reached a stage where it could be envisioned and communicated as a whole - a broad framework with roots in traditions of East and West.

Three major influences on the development of psychosynthesis are discussed: the work of Carl Jung, William James, and Abraham Maslow.

The growth of psychosynthesis is explored in relation to four forces in Western psychology: psychoanalysis. behaviorism. humanistic psychology, and transpersonal psychology. Psychosynthesis is essentially transpersonal. It embraces elements of all four forces while retaining its unique identity.

A discussion of psychosynthesis as an established aspect of the fourth force psychology leads to the concluding section where a psychosynthesis view of spirituality is presented. Influenced by raja yoga and karma yoga, psychosynthesis includes the way of the mind and the way of action as major aspects of the spiritual path.

1. Introduction
This is the second of two companion articles which present concise and thorough overview of psychosynthesis as a whole system. The former article, Psychosynthesis in Western Psychology, Russell addresses the question, "How is psychosynthesis related to other psychologies?" This article is a response to the question, "How does psychosynthesis view human beings and their world?" Since practical applications are discussed by many other authors, I focus here on the abstract and theoretical. bringing to the foreground a world-view which is the context in which techniques are applied. The word "psychosynthesis" is often used in two distinct ways. In its broad sense, it is a name for the human experience of syntropy-nature's tendency to evolve toward ever-more inclusive and highly-organized wholes In this meaning, psychosynthesis is a process, a trend. a goal; and reducing it to definitions or theories confines. limits and distorts what is essentially a living process-one of the mysteries of the universe. However, in its more narrow sense, "psychosynthesis" denotes a particular form of transpersonal psychology. As such it must be expressed in terms of propositions and hypotheses which can be tested using the scientific method.

This article is written as a reference work for theory-building and refining knowledge of psychosynthesis as a scientific psychology. My intent is to provide a comprehensive statement in the language and metaphors commonly used in psychosynthesis literature and training programs. I see this as a step toward delineating already-existent assumptions, models, theories and hypotheses leading toward a general theory of psychosynthesis.

The fundamental assumptions of psychosynthesis are presented here through a discussion of seven constructs: synthesis, personality, evolution, energy, higher consciousness, the Self, and the will. Each construct is a detailed set of relationships and ideas. All seven are interwoven in psychosynthesis so that explaining any one of them involves mentioning several of the others. Thus while each section of this article could stand alone, a full picture of any one construct emerges only when all seven are studied together.

2. Synthesis
The word "synthesis" comes from a Greek root meaning "to put together." "Synthesis" is the combining of various parts to form a coherent whole. In its theory, psychosynthesis puts together various aspects of Western psychology with mystical and religious viewpoints. In its methods, psychosynthesis combines techniques of psychotherapy, education and spiritual disciplines. Its goal is to foster a synthesis of the psyche.

When there is a true synthesis, the result is something new. In chemistry, for example, either hydrogen or oxygen alone manifests as a gas, whereas their combination can be a liquid-water. The fusion of diverse elements can also release tremendous potentials, as evidenced by some nuclear reactions.

2a. Individual and Group Synthesis
For individuals, a personal synthesis begins with the resolution of inner conflicts and the combining of diverse personality elements leading toward a sense of wholeness and harmony. As this personality integration is realized, a deeper synthesis becomes possible wherein the ordinary personality is fused with extraordinary human qualities and abilities so that a transformation occurs internally and in relationships. In this process, limitations are transcended and a new sense of identity emerges-new depths of power, love and creativity are contacted and expressed in everyday living.

In human relationships, the synthesis of two people in friendship, partnership or marriage can generate new possibilities far beyond the capacities of the two individuals alone. In some cultures, the deep relationship of two individuals is believed to create a third entity which has its own energies and characteristics in addition to the attributes of the two individuals involved. Both partners are thus enriched by their union as individuality and separateness are transcended.

A form of synthesis can also be observed in groups. Sometimes a team functions so well that it becomes something more than a collection of individuals. The team seems to act as one entity, with its many facets perfectly related within the whole. Many groups take on a collective identity. A given organization or a nation has qualities and characteristics that affect all the individual members.

2b. Planetary Synthesis
Psychosynthesis also recognizes a potential for the synthesis of humanity as a whole. Great ideals or principles could be applied to all human behavior for the realization of planetary cooperation and harmony. Such ideals of conduct have been presented in many spiritual traditions and in such political documents as the Magna Carta, the Bill of Rights, and the Atlantic Charter. Such teachings and documents embody principles which, if followed, would lead into an era of goodwill, peace and disarmament.

Many signs of the beginnings of planet-wide synthesis are evident through developments in the twentieth century. The formation of a United Nations is a step in the political arena toward synthesis. The proliferation of international scientific conferences demonstrates that there is a world community of thinkers and explorers who want to combine their efforts. There are more cultural exchange programs than ever before, and a great deal of foreign travel mingling peoples of various lands. There are more summit conferences, a European Common Market, and a recognition of a large group of nations with similar issues-the Third World. Universities offer more and more programs in interdisciplinary studies and fields that used to be separate are now seen as interrelated.

Psychosynthesis aims to foster this synthesis of individuals, couples and groups contributing toward the synthesis of humanity. Psychosynthesis promotes synergy, where people joining together generate ideas and projects that release tremendous power. Synthesis creates fusion and the birth of new wholes. Psychosynthesis holds the belief that the potential for positive change on our planet is enormous when many individuals unite in a spirit of cooperation to strive toward common goals.

Many people are already attuned to the spirit of peace and the power of synthesis. They choose to participate consciously in the larger whole. They identify themselves as planetary citizens, members of the family of humanity. These people have already achieved some measure of synthesis within--a necessary step toward inter-individual psychosynthesis. They have learned to overcome the inner fragmentation, the sense of alienation, the effects of so much stimulation in our urban environments.

Psychosynthesis is one means for us to move toward that inner harmony. With a sense of wholeness within, individuals can draw on inner resources to sustain responsibilities and commit to higher values, leading to group and planetary synthesis.

2c. Unity in Diversity
From the standpoint of synthesis all polarities can be seen as potentially harmonious-as interrelated and complemental rather than necessarily opposed and conflicting. There is a shift from an "either/or" attitude to a "both/and" attitude. On the planetary level, for example, there are signs of the beginnings of a rich blend of viewpoints joining aspects of East and West; North and South; First, Second, and Third Worlds. This creates such possibilities as a global economy that combines the best features of capitalism and communism.

As individuals become more integrated as personalities, transpersonal qualities can emerge from the higher unconscious. In other words, when we are not in conflict or fragmented, our deeper human tendencies can come forth. [his combining of the everyday personality with higher potentials is the true individual synthesis. This involves more than altering or rearranging various personality elements. To synthesize the personality with an inner talent or higher quality or transcendent human ability brings a profound change of identity. This kind of change goes beyond an inner adjustment: it changes our world.

3. The Personality
In psychosynthesis the personal aspect of the individual is seen as interrelated with a whole network of other personalities, and capable of transcending limitations by contacting and expressing higher human qualities and abilities. The personality experiences separateness, diversity and change. There is a sense of individual identity, a variety of roles to play and a range of actions, thoughts and feelings each day. The personality is thus a multifaceted, dynamic entity with the potential to grow throughout the life cycle.

The growth process is seen as a series of awakenings. New awarenesses require a reordering of personality-elements to accommodate a broader self-concept New modes of experience and expression and new degrees of mastery become evident as life goes on. The goal of personal psychosynthesis is to promote growth and to integrate this personality: to coordinate various personality aspects, to resolve inner conflicts, and create a sense of ease and harmony. There is also the recognition that at each level of integration, the personality has the potential to transcend itself once again, temporarily dis-integrating on the way toward a more inclusive and comprehensive sense of wholeness.

The personality may be viewed from several perspectives, each of which will be explored below. The personality:(1)as conscious and unconscious elements,(2)has a set of psychological functions,(3) consists of a multiplicity of subselves or subpersonalities; and (4)has a three-part structure-body, feelings and thinking mind-with an integrating center and a relationship to higher consciousness.

3a. Conscious and Unconscious Elements
One way of conceptualizing the personality is by recognizing that it is influenced by conscious and unconscious factors. Assagioli's "egg diagram" portrays these factors and includes both personal and trans-personal dimensions:

The dot in the center of the inner circle represents the personal self, the coordinating/integrating center of the personality. The circle represents one's personal reality at any given moment - awareness of data coming through the senses plus current feelings and thoughts. Just beyond the circle are the personality elements that are momentarily forgotten but easily accessible to consciousness. Recent memories, or skills which are not being used are there, in the middle unconscious.

At the upper and lower ends of the oval are aspects of the individual that are being repressed. The lower unconscious contains elements of personal history: various instincts, tendencies and complexes. In the higher unconscious are individual talents and potentials which, if glimpsed by the personality, reveal inner strengths and visions of the future which can inspire one to face the difficulties and barriers along the path of growth~ At the top of the oval is the radiant point that symbolizes the Higher Self, the center of higher consciousness thought to be the inner source of the drive toward growth and self-actualization. The personality reaches new levels of integration by bringing unconscious elements into the field of consciousness where they can be integrated into an expanded identity.

3b. Psychological Functions
A second way of viewing the personality is to see it as a set of psychological functions. Assagioli diagramed these functions in the Act of Will:

He believed that the will was the function closest to the Self - the energy employed by the Self to regulate and direct all the other functions. Such executive and synthesizing abilities discussed by the ego psychologists as ego functions, (Hartman, 1958) are seen in psychosynthesis as functions of the Self.

To work on conscious development or planned reconstruction of the personality, the individual can assess which functions are required to his purposes at a given time, and then actively develop any function which is weak All human beings have all the basic functions, although a given individual would likely have a natural inclination to emphasize some more than others.

3c. Subpersonalities
A third way of seeing the personality is through the notion of subpersonalities or subselves. (Vargiu,1974) The idea of subpersonalities is a way of conceptualizing how we shift from one identification to another as we move through life. In a single day we may move through playing the "victim," "critic," "lazy-bones," "striver," "lover," "frightened child," and so on.

A subpersonality functions mechanically. It is like playing a tape, acting out a routine; or in psychoanalytic terms a "repetition compulsion." While a subpersonality is just a portion of the personality, we can become totally identified with it, placing its needs and perspectives above all else. Subpersonalities often act out unconscious motivations to the detriment of the personality as a whole.

The subpersonality concept is particularly useful for taking charge of an automatic reaction pattern or for resolving inner conflicts. By recognizing and naming subpersonalities, disidentifying from them and dialoguing with them, their underlying needs and higher qualities become apparent. Their distorted behaviors can be transformed and energies released for the benefit of the total person.

3d. Body, Feelings and Mind
A fourth major way of conceptualizing the personality is acknowledging it as a three-part structure-body, feelings and thinking mind- with an integrating center, the self. These three aspects are considered to be means of getting information about the surrounding world: they are instruments of knowledge. They are also means of self-expression: vehicles for sharing our inner world with others.

The goal of personal psychosynthesis is to integrate or harmonize the three aspects by recognizing conflicts or splits in the personality and working toward healing them. A classic split in our culture is between mind and body, wherein we overvalue the mind and ignore the body's needs, leading to stress and disease. Another typical split is between mind and emotions, as evidenced in traditional male/female conditioning. The stereotype is: "men are rational, women emotional." In psychosynthesis, there is a recognition that every personality, whether it has a male or female body, has mental and emotional aspects, and both aspects must be functioning effectively for any human being to be whole.

For most people, one of the three personality aspects is emphasized more than the other two. For example, dancers and athletes may emphasize the physical, whereas scientists and technicians often prefer the mental. This tendency to focus on a certain aspect of the psyche was recognized by Jung in his classification of four basic types: sensation, feeling, thinking, and intuitive. (Jung, 1976)

The values and perceptions of various types can differ considerably. Suppose three people observe a brand-new train passing by and each expresses a reaction. The physical type might say, "That train was enormous and moving so fast I felt the ground shake beneath my feet!" The feeling type might say, "I felt great excitement and a sense of awe as the train rushed by." The mental type might say, "As the train passed, I was thinking how far humanity has come in technological development in the past one hundred years." Each of the three types observes the same physical phenomenon but has a very different internal experience.

This view of types can explain communication problems and misunderstandings that arise between individuals and groups. Thinking types may be critical of the expression of feelings, focusing on the irrational or illogical way the other is talking. The feeling type may be critical of the mental type, characterizing that person as "out of touch," lacking warmth or empathy. Interpersonal difficulties can be relieved when each type can appreciate the style of the other and the value of alternative styles. Psycho synthesis employs typologies for understanding and appreciating that individuals inhabit different worlds even though they live side-by-side. Even so, psychosynthesists are mindful of Maslow's concern with the danger of rubricizing, of categorizing a given person, and losing a sense of that individual's specialness. (Maslow, 1968)

3e. The Center of the Personality
A repeated theme in this section on the personality is the idea of a central identity: the "I" which governs the various personality vehicles or functions. Just as an automobile may be driven by an unskilled driver, an ordinary driver or a specially trained professional driver, so the personality vehicles may be governed by various aspects of the individual, which greatly affects the quality of expression of the personality. When governed by a succession of sub-selves, the personality is divided or conflicted and cannot function with integrity. When governed by the centered self or personal self, the personality functions in an integrated manner, with awareness of self and others, and a sense of inner freedom of choice. When governed by the Higher Self, the personality is capable of functioning at its highest and best level, actualizing potentials and translating peak moments into actions which upgrade the quality of life for all.

This construct envisions the continual changing of our personalities and our universe as a process with a definite direction, with cycles and patterns. This is the growth process-a natural progressive movement occurring in individuals and in all humanity. Psychosynthesis agrees with others who see this movement as a series of rearrangements toward increasing order-toward more complex and inclusive wholes. (Fuller, 1963; Huxley, 1953; Szent-Gyoergyi, 1974; Teilhard de Chardin, 1960.) This is the movement toward an ever-wider synthesis.

The idea of evolution or growth is so highly valued in psycho synthesis that an article on energy transformation states: "We will define the term 'negative' energy in this context as psychological energy, including attitudes, thoughts, emotions, physiological states, etc., which is antithetical to our own growth and/or the growth of others; 'positive' energy will be defined as that which promotes growth." (Crampton, 1974) A major goal of psychosynthesis is to confront and transform barriers to evolution. Psychosynthesis teaches people to cooperate with and to actively foster their own natural growth process.

3f. Universal Patterns
Psychosynthesis recognizes the patterns of growth that have become widely known through work in developmental psychology. (Erickson, 1980; Lid, 1968; Paget, 1978; Sheehy, 1974) A universal pattern based on the model of a three-part personality involves a focus first on mastering the physical body, then learning to regulate and direct emotional energies, which leads to mental development and the potential for personality integration and transcendence.

In early childhood, the main challenge is achieving mastery of the physical body. A baby grows to greater autonomy by learning to feed, dress and clean itself. In grade school the child is involved in a complex network of relationships among family, peers, teachers, and must learn appropriate expression and sublimation of emotions and desires to make a healthy adaptation to the social environment Emotional development continues to be a focus into adolescence where intellectual growth and mastery can become the central developmental task. Moving toward maturity the potential exists for developing the sense of a centered self--an identity which transcends family patterns and social conditioning. Many people can continue growing toward the sense of an even deeper identity--the soul or Higher Self.

In humanity as a whole this same sequence can be observed: the movement from focusing on physical mastery to emotional then mental mastery and beyond to higher consciousness. In times when people lived in caves, most of the energy was expended on sheer physical survival. Full-time work was required for gathering food, hunting game, protecting the group from wild animals or hostile humans, and maintaining adequate shelter. As time went on, animal husbandry and agriculture were developed along with cities and specializations. Physical survival then became easier for many, and there was time for growth of human relationships in the realm of emotions and desires. Eventually emotional focus was achieved for the masses of humanity which predominates today. We see political campaigns and advertising appealing to our emotional or desire nature to be effective for the general public.

Mental development has just begun for the vast majority of human beings, placing the race at an adolescent stage in its development. Assagioli has compared the relations of nations to immature adolescent behavior. (Assagioli, 1965) Only a minority of human beings today have highly trained thinking mind, and fewer still have the ability to live everyday as a centered self, in touch with the abstract mind and Higher Self.

3g. Individual Uniqueness
Within this universal pattern, each individual faces life's challenges their own pace and in their own way. Psychosynthesis places a very high value on these individual differences, assisting people in discovering their unique contributions to the larger whole. We often ask the questions, "Who am I?" "What is my next step ahead?" "What are blocks to taking that step?" "What can I do at this time to foster my growth process?"

The construct "evolution" embodies a belief that there is an inner blueprint which guides our growth. In plants, such a hidden pattern suggested by the growth of a seed into a mature plant. Each acorn, for example, sprouts and develops following a specific sequence. As bark and leaves are formed they display characteristics that are the same for all oak trees. Even so, each tree develops a unique arrangement of branches.

Psychosynthesis assumes that human beings develop similarly: the higher unconscious contains a blueprint for growth which can be brought to awareness. The blueprint has a universal aspect and d unique individual aspect. A person who is out of touch with this inner pattern may experience excessive amounts of stress, pain, or frustration.

3h. Dynamic Harmony
While the creation of a harmonious personality is a major goal in psychosynthesis, this does not mean that life can be all sweetness and light. As Krishna, the spiritual teacher in the Bagavad Gita counsels his student Narjuna, who shrinks from entering a battle, there is a time when engaging in conflict is the necessary move for one on the spiritual path. (Saraydarian)

Tough-mindedness, bold assertiveness and a strong will are aspects of human nature that have their rightful place in the whole, along with peace, love and joy. To be in harmony with our growth means mastering and expressing any human qualities when appropriate.

Harmony is also fostered by learning to recognize and accept the natural cycles of change. Personality elements are rearranged from time to time, accommodating new awarenesses and abilities. When this process of integration, dis-integration and reintegration is understood and appreciated, inner peace can prevail even in times of adversity or conflict. A broad sense of perspective can be experienced through all difficulties. There is the wisdom to appreciate that whatever our current experience or sense of identity may be, it is only a moment in time-a step in a larger process of development.

The construct "evolution" then, gives us a perspective on life that would have us look at each experience, any condition of life, all circumstances, as opportunities for growth. We can always ask ourselves, "What is the message in this?" "What can I learn from this experience?" and "What is my unique contribution to the group and to humanity at this time?" This is a most constructive approach in which life itself becomes an exciting adventure in learning.

4. Energy
Sages of the ancient East believed that all change and all forms were the expressions in time and space of a single universal energy governed by spiritual laws. Modern physicists now embrace a similar view: that all phenomena which we register with our physical senses are made up of energy, which at the subatomic level is governed by the laws of quantum physics. (Capra, 1975; Toben, 1975) When applied to human behavior, the idea of "energy" becomes a synthesizing concept-a common thread linking the viewpoints of Eastern spiritual traditions, the physical sciences and Western psychology.

Psychosynthesis conceives of the human being as an energy system. Actions, images, emotions, and thoughts may be seen as basically varied forms of energy. As people begin seeing their behavior simply as energy, without the usual labels, the possibility of transformation becomes much more real and alive for them, opening many new options for expression. A behavior pattern or belief system or typical emotional reaction may seem very difficult to change, yet when the underlying energy of these patterns is contacted, it can be redirected. Then there can be a movement, for example, from "Here comes my usual angry reaction" to "I sense an energy: do I want to express it by yelling, or stating I'm angry, or withdrawing, pouting, asserting myself, creating something, moving, or playing?"

Perceiving the surrounding world from the standpoint of energy evokes subtle awarenesses. Two people may appear to be about same in height and weight, yet our sense of their energy may reveal this. They have very different inner qualities. Energy awareness takes us beyond the world of appearances to the world of meaning. A person may smile and say hello. The appearances is friendly, yet the quality may be sincere and warm, merely polite and formal, or distant and phoney.

Thinking in terms of energy is also valuable for getting inner guidance Through energy awareness, perception extends beyond the forms of one's life into the realms of higher consciousness. To live and move in the world of energies evokes intuitions, revealing new inner qualities and sense of the next step ahead.

In groups, guidance can come from asking, "Where is the energy right now?" This often points the way toward solving a problem or provide cues for recognizing that a person or subgroup is strongly motivated to make a contribution. Awareness of the flow of energy gives guidance for facilitating the group process without imposing the will of the leader.

Energy awareness, then, aids in developing the potential for transformation, subtle sensitivities and inner guidance. We learn to extend the range of perception beyond the limits of the physical senses. In fact the book "Psychosynthesis" suggests that such expanded perception is experienced by creative artists, geniuses and mystics, who are naturally attuned to higher frequency energies. (Assagioli, 1965a) A task of spiritual psychosynthesis is facilitating the ability to perceive and master these subtle levels of the energy spectrum.

Assagioli believed that a major force in psychology in future years will be "psychoenergetics," having energy as its main focus. (Assagioli, 1980) A system emerging along these lines is which includes psychosynthesis as one of its applied branches. (Gerard, 1973a) Energy field theory in integral psychology postulates that the quality of consciousness is related to the frequency of energies in and around the body. (Gerard, 1972) Thus, the higher the frequency, the more expanded the consciousness. In this view, the more concrete realms of human experience-the worlds of the physical senses, emotions and concrete thoughts-are areas of denser vibration, of lower frequencies. Higher consciousness is directly related to high-frequency. (Golas, 1971) The energy of fear or hate would be of a lower frequency than the energies of love and joy. Techniques have been developed for expansion of awareness and self-transformation based on contacting, absorbing, circulating and radiating high-frequency energies.

Psychosynthesis, then, conceives of the universe as one energy which manifests in a variety of ways. We live in a sea of energies of various frequencies which can interact to create forms and patterns. We can learn to extend our ability to experience the vastness of our universe, to aware of broader and deeper levels of the spectrum of consciousness. Then we can ground these experiences in work and relationships to positively affect the quality of life on earth. The wide range of experiences reported by mystics, sorcerers, yogis and masters have become more available to Westerners as psychosynthesists and others have translated spiritual training methods into form appropriate to our modern age.

5. Higher Consciousness
The exploration of an expanded experience of human identity, capacity and potential is a journey into transpersonal dimensions. These dimensions encompass the higher levels of the energy spectrum: realms of higher consciousness that transcend the everyday awareness of the personality. People experience their higher consciousness when they are their highest and best, when their talents, abilities or higher qualities are manifesting. This is an experience of going beyond the usual personal concerns, beyond the semi-automatic and unremarkable activities and awarenesses of dressing, eating, going to work, and relating with others to sustain our existence.

The experience of a higher consciousness includes such phenomena as peak moments, transcendence of the consensual social reality, times of extraordinary insight and clarity, times of great love, joy, deep understanding, a strong sense of purpose or meaning; as well as abstract thinking, intuition, religious or mystical experiences, ESP, out-of-body experiences, telepathy, reincarnation clairvoyance, precognition and psychic healing but not necessarily. Many psychic phenomena are strictly emotional or delusional, tinged with fears, personal prejudices and wishful thinking. Psychosynthesis is interested in understanding all these extraordinary ways to actively develop them when appropriate. A miraculous human experiences, determining their value and finding

5a. Personal and Spiritual Psychosynthesis
Psychosynthesis fosters growth toward higher consciousness in two overlapping stages: personal and spiritual psychosynthesis. In personal psychosynthesis there is a process of mental centering: learning to use the mind to transcend the limitations of being governed by drives. Impulses, emotions, desires, and partial identifications. By training the mind to embrace healthy realistic beliefs and attitudes, to focus and direct one's energies, one learns to confront blocks to growth, resolve inner conflicts, disidentify from subpersonalities and identify with centered self within. One's personal reality is enriched and expanded. encompassing a higher consciousness than that of the personal ego.

Stepping further into higher consciousness is fostered by transpersonal or spiritual psychosynthesis which facilitates contacting an expressing energies of the Transpersonal Self or Higher Self. The consciousness of the Higher Self includes intuitive awareness, a broad perspective of one's and the human condition and a sense of purpuse. The field of awareness of the Higher Self is the "superconscious," where transpersonal qualities and experiences are easily accessible. The goal of spiritual psychosynthesis is the fusion of the Higher Self with the personal self, so that the personality functions as a vehicle for expression of higher consciousness in the everyday world.

While the construct "higher consciousness" points to the direct experience of an altered state of consciousness which transcends ego and personality, in another sense, "higher consciousness" is a relative term. Each new step in evolution brings expanded awareness and a new area of mastery, and one's consciousness is then somewhat higher than the prior consciousness. No matter where a person is in their growth. there is always the opportunity to move toward a higher consciousness than that of the past. This is a dynamic view of human life as a process of continual change with vast future potentialities.

5b. The Higher Unconscious
Psychosynthesists have observed a great deal of guilt and pain coming from the inability to actualize our potentials-the lack of contact with higher consciousness. One of Assagioli's most significant contributions to psychology was to incorporate the idea of a "higher unconscious" -an area of the psyche where higher human abilities are hidden from awareness. He believed that neurotic patterns could often be transcended or eliminated by creating conditions or techniques which allow the emergence of higher human possibilities from the higher unconscious into the world of everyday reality.

Many of the defenses which are used to keep the drives or complexes hidden are also used to keep higher qualities from conscious awareness. For example, many people use the defense of denial, dismissing their own potential for love and fulfillment, or ignoring their talents. Others use the defense of projection, admiring very successful people or looking up to political or spiritual leaders rather than owning up to their own special gifts or their spiritual side.

Psychosynthesis also recognizes what analysts call character defenses. (Reich, 1949) A common one among people exploring spirituality is a spiritual-mystical facade which denies one's true emotional range, or excludes the body, or places an overemphasis on inner world experiences, discounting political, social and economic realities. The spiritof psychosynthesis is to strive to integrate inner and outer, higher an lower to achieve a sense of wholeness. Unblocking the higher unconscious is often the major key to psychological healing. A classic article in psychosynthesis, "The Repression of the Sublime", includes an in-depth discussion of the features of the higher unconscious. (Haronian, 1972) After exploring aspects of the sublime--the higher consciousness--Haronian explains the difficulties of realizing this realm in everyday life. These difficulties include the fear of too much mobility, avoiding risks inherent in growing, the fear of the unknown, and concern being too different from others. There is the also the avoidance of sharing deeply with others when lacking a strong sense of personal identity: the fear of getting lost in others' needs and-the fear being diminished or "taken over" by the power of one's own Higher Self and tendencies. To facilitate growth beyond such fears and defenses, psychosynthesis has developed methods of opening the doors of perception to higher consciousness and techniques for integrating higher energies into the everyday world. Thus psychosynthesis is tied to the need in psychology for what Robert Gerard calls a "psychoanalysis of the spirit." (Miller, 1981)

5c. Synthesis of Practical and Spiritual Life
It is important to recognize that the synthesis of higher consciousness everyday life is not a matter of completely ending old patterns. Often it is a matter of expanding-of adding more varied experiences life. In fact, a person who begins to meditate, to unblock his personality, to contact high frequency energies, can find some negative frequencies being stimulated by the incoming energies. This is why personal psychosynthesis must accompany spiritual work: to ensure stability and balance in the face of powerful new experiences.

Sometimes spiritual psychosynthesis brings dramatic changes in behavior. A person who is transformed may change careers or create new relationships. On the other hand, there are few outward signs of some expansions of consciousness, since they are more qualitative than quantitative. One's inner life, the quality of one's inner experience can be vastly altered while roles and relationships-the forms of one's life-remain about the same. Assagioli has illustrated in his story of the three stone cutters working on building a church. (Assagioli, 1973) Each stone cutter has a different perception and experience of the job. The first is in a dull routine of cutting stones all day, the second is earning a living for himself and his family, the third is joyously building a temple for the Lord.

So as we evolve toward a higher consciousness, the forms of our lives may or may not change outwardly, but the point of view shifts and inner life expands to include a broader perspective, a greater wisdom, depth of understanding, and new meaning. In the spirit of synthesis we do not split off from our everyday needs and responsibilities to live in some transcendent realm. A zen statement of this is, "Before enlightenment, lifting water, carrying wood; after enlightenment, lifting water, carrying wood." The Sufi's have their way of saying that one does not forsake the material world for the spiritual life: "Pray to Allah, but tie your camel first."

A similar perspective on higher consciousness is that of the integral yoga of Sri Aurobindo, who writes of the results of yogic disciplines being. the "descent of the force." (Satprem, 1968) Again we have the notion that going "higher" does not necessarily mean to be above the everyday world, out of the body or beyond the reach of people around us. It means to manifest higher qualities of being, here and now, in this world. Karma Yoga is particularly in tune with this idea also: any action can be performed with a high quality of consciousness, in attunement with the larger whole. The good karma yogi, like the third stone cutter, approaches all tasks from the inner space of harmony with the cosmos while serving a meaningful role in this world.

Ways of moving into the experience of higher consciousness include reading inspirational literature, listening to great music and experiencing great art. Such creations are produced by people who can touch and express higher consciousness. The highest human qualities are embodied in their works and evoked in us by exposure to them. Meditative disciplines and other spiritual or religious practices can facilitate contacting and integrating transpersonal awarenesses. Sensing one's participation in the larger whole, acts of cooperation with evolution, and service to humanity can bring a fulfillment and joy characteristic of higher consciousness. Psychosynthesis encourages development of habits which foster high quality living, and arranging circumstance and environments that evoke the high est and best from individuals and groups.

6. The Self
Fundamental to psychosynthesis is a deep exploration into experience of the Self. "Who am I?" is a central question here as it is in some spiritual traditions. Psychosynthesists have developed ideas about the Self and techniques for exploring the many layers and dimensions of identity that one discovers in the course of pursuing growth into realms of higher consciousness.

The growth process can be described as a series of identifications with ever-more inclusive wholes. The personality moves through cycles of integration, dis-integration, and re-integration wherein the individual disidentifies from the person he used to be and identifies with the person he has become. At the center of each new whole is an integrating factor, a center of awareness and will, a point of identity: a Self.

6a. Definitions and Distinctions
This construct encompasses the many dimensions of the human experience of identity from the sense of being a conflicted and fragmented person to the sense of complete transcendence of individuality. Psychosynthesis has focused on two particular experiential levels of Self: the personal self and the Higher Self. The level of Self which is the integrating center of the personality is named the "self" (with a lower case "s"), "personal self," or "centered self." The level of Self which is the center of the individual's higher consciousness is named the "Self" (with an upper case "S"), "Higher Self," "Transpersonal Self," or "soul."

In the psychosynthesis literature the terms "self," "ego," and "I," have often been used interchangeably. However, dictionary definitions of these three reveal subtle differences. In my opinion, a clear delineation of "ego," "self," and "I" is a vital step toward an adequate psychosynthesis theory of the Self. To define,"ego" psychosynthesis can turn to psychoanalysis: "ego" is the aspect of the individual which is adapted to society. It consists of various functions, habits and defenses. It is comprised of conscious and unconscious contents of the personality.

The personal "self" is considered to be a center of pure awareness in the personality; beyond any personality content. Its awareness encompasses one's present sensations, feelings and thoughts, and its will is the power to choose. It is a non-judgmental observer, who makes conscious choices with a perspective on the personality as a whole. This personal self is described as a,projection of the Higher Self into the personality: it is superordinate to all personality contents. It is the coordinator, the director, the integrating center of the personality. Ego and "self," then, denote specif states of consciousness related to the personality.

The "I" moves through many' states of consciousness: it is the subjective sense of identity at any given moment. For example, when identified with the "critic" subpersonality an individual says, "I am a critical person." When centered, the same individual says, "I am not the critical part of me, I am the self-the one who is aware, the one who chooses." During peak moments, the "I" is identified with the Higher Self: "I am wise and creative." In a state of compjete transcendence of individuality there may be a direct experience of the Universal Self: "I am cosmic energy." "I am God," The terms "Higher Self" and"Universal Self" denote specific states of consciousness that transcend the personality.

The Higher Self or Transpersonal Self is experienced as the highest and best within us. Its awareness is higher consciousness and its will is the sense of purpose and direction in life. Its awareness encompasses the past, present and future of the individual over a period of years, decades even whole lifetimes. This awareness includes the entire personality, the qualities and abilities of the superconscious, and a deep sense relationship with various groups and all humanity.

The Universal Self is experienced as complete transcendence of separate individual or group identity. Its awareness is planetary consciousness and its will is the unfolding evolutionary pattern of humanity and all life on earth-the Universal Will. It has been described as union with cosmic forces, at-one-ment with a Divine Being, or as identification with the one Humanity as an organism within a living planetary entity.

6b. From the Ego to the Self
Before we can sense our identity as a self and transcend the personality, we evolve through a period of identification with the ego For many this is their primary identity throughout life. Rare moments of ego transcendence may occur but may occur but the conditioned identity soon reasserts its dominance in the personality. The ego is the result of particular culture and time, reflecting the belief and structures of family and society. Its concern is survival and maintenance of life style. When the personality is ego-dominated there Is a fair amount of automatic behavior many motives are unconscious and there is a lack of the sense of personal freedom. Often habit patterns predominate, even if one consciously doesn't like them and wants to change. There is great usefulness in the ego's coping patterns and subconscious behaviors: when we eat, get dressed, drive a car, or do other routines necessary for daily living, we can do them effectively without having to think through or relearn them each time. The process of evolution involves learning a skill, and when mastery is achieved, the details drop below the threshold of consciousness so we can operate efficiently, free to focus attention elsewhere. Thus the goal in psychosynthesis is not to eliminate ego, but to heal its neurotic aspects and to place it in perspective so it ceases to be the dominant force in the personality. Through personal psychosynthesis the center of identity shifts to the personal self.

The personal self, or centered self, is the pure awareness that is at the core of the ego. By contrast with the ego, the centered self is fully conscious. Its consciousness is also limited, but it is aware of its limits. The personal self can focus primarily on personal concerns and ego gratification as it evolves it shifts focus more and more to the transpersonal. The self can examine cultural conditional and choose alternative ways of perceiving the world. The self has the potential to discover the underlying dynamics of unconscious habit patterns and to choose new behaviors.

While the ego is a product of the past the self is aware in the present and_moves toward the future. While ego-dominated behaviors reflect stereotyped responses, self-dominated behaviors are characterized by freedom of choice and spontaneity. While the ego is culture-bound the self can move toward changing conditions in society.

In relationships, the ego-dominated personality focuses primarily on "my needs, my desires, my goals," with the sense that "my viewpoint, my experience is the truth." The self-dominated personality can perceive both its own needs and the needs of others It can enter into an "I-Thou" relationship. (Buber, 1958) There is a sense that "my point of my experience is one of many valid ways of perceiving the word."

The personal self is an evolving self. It is always at the center of the personality; and since the personality is growing into ever-more inclusive wholes, the center shifts accordingly. At the center of an expanded personality is a self with broader awareness and a greater range of choices that those of the previous self. There is always a next higher level of the centered self within the personality as evolution proceeds.

6c. The Higher Self
The terms "Higher Self" or "Transpersonal Self" denote a distinct state of consciousness. Its major characteristics include purpose, wisdom, unconditional love and creativity.

When we transcend our everyday behavior and have a peak experience we are identified with the Higher Self. Peak moments occur for many when they are out in nature and experience a connectedness with all life around them. Others experience peaks when everything functions perfectly in performing a task: it seems that there is a natural knowing of exactly what to do at each moment and all decisions and moves are correct. Others experience peak moments in high states of giving or receiving love, in deep experiences of beauty or goodness, or a profound sense of purpose and order in life.

To illustrate that the Higher Self is a specific state of consciousness, an experiential level distinct from that of the personal self and the ego, let's compare the perspectives of ordinary consciousness and higher consciousness. For most people, their ordinary consciousness is of the "I" shifting between ego and self or embracing some combination of the two. When we are identified with the ego, the experience of the Higher Self is repressed in the higher unconscious. When identified with the personal self, the potential to connect directly with the Higher Self is available and we can evolve toward fuller expression of our higher consciousness.

From the perspective of ordinary consciousness, there are occasional flashes of insight, momentary awakenings to the consciousness of the Higher Self. The Higher Self is experienced as something deep within, or as something beyond, above or outside of us. From the perspective of higher consciousness, the ego is experienced as a partial identification; the personal self is experienced as a projection into the personality of the aware, integrative, synthesizing energies of higher consciousness.

We have noted that a basic characteristic of the Higher Self is the sense of purpose. To ordinary consciousness there may be a lack of purpose. Life can seem meaningless, absurd. As the "I" is increasingly able to identify with the self, one's purpose is glimpsed as "the next step ahead." It may seem that the Higher Self is presenting a vision of future possibilities or calling. Some people sense the prompting of an inner wise guide, or the voice of the Lord. The energy of the Higher Self is experienced as a drive toward growth and transcendence. A classic symbol of the Higher Self in this aspect is a wise being, spiritual teacher or guide.

When one identifies with the Higher Self there is immediate and complete understanding of the blueprint for one's life. There is a deep knowing that this individual life has meaning and that one's role in the world is part of a larger purpose. As a Higher Self, one is wise, with a profound understanding of self, others and life itself. There is a sense of having penetrated farther than usual into life's mysteries.

Other aspects of the Higher Self are illuminated by studying and contemplating another classic symbol of the Higher Self: a radiant point of light above the head that shines like the sun. This represents the source of our life energy, just as the sun is the source of life for the earth. Because it is above the head it represents a higher inspired part of us, above and beyond the thinking mind, symbolized by the brain. Because it always shines it represents the quality of unconditional love. The sun does not withhold its rays because of any rules of right and wrong. It simply shines on everyone, regardless of their behavior, with no conditions attached, asking nothing in return.

The Higher Self has the quality of unconditional love for self and others. Human beings all over the world demonstrate a capacity to contact and express abundant love. Love is the basis of empathy and understanding: it holds relationships together and is a universal healing energy which nurtures our growth.

Since people are deeply loving and empathetic when identified with the Higher Self, the Higher Self is said to of our interdependence and underlying unity. The personal self has consciousness of others too, yet it major purpose is to focus on ego needs and self-interest. As a personal self one can participate in group greed and selfishness as in an oppressive organization, subculture or nation. When identified with the Higher Self we experience directly our interrelated-ness with the whole human family. Our relationships are characterized by deep intimacy and rapport that transcends the usual boundaries of time and space and the usual world of the physical senses. The Higher-Self-dominated personality expresses a natural spirit of cooperation, participating in group activities to create a better world for all.

The Higher Self is creative by nature. Maslow's observation that healthy people are naturally creative indicates to me that our deeper identity is related to universal creative processes. As people grow, they tend to become more creative thinkers, more original and innovative in their approach to problem-solving and to all aspects of life. Spiritual psychosynthesis supports the development of creativity since this brings people into closer rapport with the Higher Self.

6d. The Universal Self
Beyond this Higher Self, at the essence of human nature, at the spiritual core is an experience that transcends all sense of separateness which is associated with such experiences as mystical union, cosmic consciousness, communion with God. While the idea of a universal Self is mentioned by Assagioli, there is little detail in the psychosynthesis literature about this highest Self within us, although its will aspect is discussed briefly as the "Universal Will." (Assagioli, 1973) Perhaps only a small percentage of human beings have experienced it. Here we have reached the limits of psychosynthesis, which values focusing on the practical. The ultimate nature of the Self and the experience of cosmic consciousness are not given much attention in psychosynthesis because of the already broad range encompassed by the tasks of integration of the personality and the synthesis of personality and higher consciousness. For people who have achieved a measure of synthesis, however, these become a natural next step ahead, and the work of psychosynthesis is transcended and included in an even vaster work on higher spiritual levels.

7. The Will
Assagioli observed that most Western psychologies neglected the will, yet awareness and will are two fundamental attributes of the Self. Hi second book, The Act of Will, presents the construct "will" as going far beyond the Victorian concept of the strong, iron-clad will. Emphasis on the will as power has led to authoritarian personalities, rigidity, criticalness, harshness, cruelty, and oppressive political regimes. Psychosynthesists see power as just one aspect of our multidimensional will.

Several major perspectives on the will are explored below. The will includes: (1) a wide range of qualities; (2) three major aspects: strong, good, and skillful; (3) six stages: purpose, deliberation, decision, affirmation, planning and implementation; and (4) three levels: personal, transpersonal and universal. Readers familiar with The Act of Will will notice some differences here in the organization of concepts and in terminology which I believe bring more clarity to this subject.

7a. Qualities of the Will
Assagioli observed that most people directly experience a whole range of expressions of the will. They do make choices in everyday life, and they do set and achieve golds. Yet there is often the lack of a coherent will. The true sense of a will does not occur until there is a capacity to be centered~identified with the personal self. Often decisions are made by a subpersonality, and other parts of the personality later rebel. The individual is unable to follow through on a decision, or lacks the energy to achieve a goal. Our best-laid plans can be forgotten or sabotaged by our own bad habits or unconscious defenses.

In the personality, the will energy may manifest physically in the form of drives and urges, emotionally as desire, and mentally as goal-setting and planning. In higher consciousness will can manifest as purpose, vision and ideals which give direction and meaning to human existence. The will, then, takes various forms at personal, group, planetary and cosmic levels. It is viewed here as a major type of universal energy which is expressed as a whole range of qualities including concentration, determination, patience, courage, discipline, mastery, intensity, power, organization, integration, and synthesis.

7b. Aspects: Strong, Good and Skillful Will
The misuses and abuses of power by individuals, organizations and governments demonstrate the dangers to human life and well-being that result from the overemphasis on the will as strength. Psychosynthesists observe that the will can be developed in a constructive way by balancing the strong will with a good will and a skillful will. Individuals and groups can continue to safely develop higher and higher degrees of power and intensity so long as goodness and skill continue to be developed also and blended with strength. Qualities associated with strong will include courage, determination and decisiveness.

The good will is an expression of will based on humanistic and spiritual values. Love for self and others is needed for a benevolent expression of power. The good will synthesizes self-interest with the interests of others. Qualities associated with the good will include patience, faithful-ness and right action.

The skillful will is an expression of wisdom and the drive toward excellence. Discrimination, subtlety and refinement are needed to avoid the pitfalls of applying excessive force. The skillful will involves a good sense of timing, and appreciation of the steps required to achieve an objective. Qualities associated with skillful will include discipline, organization and mastery.

Many people have had the experience that strong will alone is inadequate to achieve goals. Inhuman relations, the direct application of power can meet with resistance or rebellion. Skill in communication, goodwill and right timing can be crucial factors in effective problem-solving. Skill is also required to achieve excellence and mastery. In learning a musical instrument, for example, fine motor skills are required. Patience and discipline are needed to be effective: the skillful will is more important here than the strong will.

The good will is needed to achieve personality integration and a synthesis of humanity. It is important to learn to develop tolerance for others' weaknesses and to accept our own limitations and shadow side. When we hate another person, or reject a negative tendency in ourselves, we maintain a separation or split that prevents achievement of wholeness and harmony: there is struggle or conflict and the lack of a coherent will.

7c. Stages of the Will
Assagioli developed a model of six stages to describe the act of will. The model can clarify the nature of the process of moving from idea to action. The six stages are: (1) purpose, (2) deliberation, (3) decision, (4) affirmation, (5) planning, and (6) implementation. First we have dreams, goals or a purpose. We proceed to deliberate on the range of alternatives and the consequences of various choices available to us. We then make a decision to carry out that purpose, to achieve our goal. Next we affirm-say yes to-our intention, and work up the energy and resources we need to follow through. Then we proceed with planning, thinking through a sequence of steps toward the goal, placing dates on our calendar, making commitments, setting deadlines. Finally comes implementation of our plan. In this sixth stage we take physical action and our idea, vision or purpose manifests, becomes grounded. We monitor this action to be sure that we stay true to our original purpose, getting feedback and new information along the way that may require revision of the plan for effective implementation of the purpose.

This model of stages is very helpful for activating the will. mobilizing oneself effectively. Ideally all of us will have developed all six stages of the will so that we can make our visions and dreams a reality with economy of effort. Some people find that their will is ineffective because they consistently skip one or more of the stages. Many people have wonderful ideas (stage 1) but never make a concrete plan (stage 5) that they could follow to make their dreams a reality. Others may be very active (stage 6) but without a clear sense of purpose (stage 1. so they are very husy yet accomplish little that is really satisfying. Others work toward specific goals (stage 1) but they have never clearly and definitely decided to carry through (stage 3), and inner conflicts sabotage their projects.

7d. Levels: Personal, Transpersonal and Universal Will
At the ego level, there is the lack of a coherent will. Various subpersonalities vie for power and attention or stay locked in conflict. There is no consistent action toward defined goals. The will of the ego is the will to survive and to satisfy personal desires and to maintain one's lifestyle. The striving toward goals may be at the expense of other people. The good will is underdeveloped, and strength and skill may be lacking.

The will of the personal self, the personal will is the freedom to choose and take action based on conscious decisions. In setting clear directions we experience a strong sense of personal identity. Our choices in life help to determine who we are in the world.

As we become integrated personalities. we can align our thoughts, desires and actions in the pursuit of goals, and our will can become very powerful. We may also become highly skillful. Psychosynthesis works simultaneously on personal and spiritual levels so that as the personality becomes integrated, it is also opened to the values and wisdom of higher consciousness. Hitler had a highly developed strong and skillful will. Goodness was missing. The qualities of the soul are needed so that the process of personality integration does not encourage tendencies toward an imbalance which is destructive of self and others.

The Higher Self, by contrast with the personal self, functions essentially beyond the world of everyday choices. The will of the Higher Self-the Transpersonal Will-includes the inner blueprint. the growth patterns unfolding in the individual life over a period of years and decades. This will is basically the sense of purpose.

The Transpersonal Will is a natural blend of goodness. skill and strength. Since the Higher Self is group conscious, intuitively aware of the interdependence of all individuals, the Transpersonal Will motivates actions based on a sense of responsibility. This Higher Will motivates actions that involves service to others, often requiring sacrifices to serve group needs and purposes. The Transpersonal Will guides the individual in positive directions: it is the force motivating right livelihood, right vocation, right action and right human relations. The will of Higher Self synthesizes the personality and higher consciousness, creating personality transformation that elevates the quality of group

The will of the Universal Self encompasses a growth pattern that is unfolding for all humanity. It is a planetary trend of evolution that is a synthesis of all individual purposes in a grand design of the Universal Will.

As we study physical and social evolution over hundreds and thousands of years, we get a sense of this great Plan and we can choose to cooperate with it. In recent years, this movement forward--the next step is for all humanity--has been characterized by various writers as: The Greening of America (Reich, 1970); The Third Wave (Toffler,1980); The Transformation (Leonard, 1972); The New Renaissance (Gerard, 1973b); The New Copernican Revolution (Harman, 1969); New Ways of being (Houston, 1978); the Aquarian Conspiracy (Ferguson, 1980); and The New Age (Assagioli, 1981; Bailey, 1944, 1954; Gerard, 1973a; Rudhyar, 1975; Satin, 1976; Spangler, 1971).

This universal change is a movement toward new values, new ways of being ourselves and the world. It is a spontaneous movement of individuals all over the world toward identifying more closely with the higher Self-a movement which could reach critical mass so humanity could be guided by a planetary synthesizing center of higher consciousness, a Universal Self.

This movement of the Universal Will is also reflected by advances in technology. Through electronic communications we now have instant information from all over the world that gives us a sense that this is a global village. (McLuhan, 1964) With the negative results of industrial development we have experienced ecological crises, energy crises, (making us aware that we are all interdependent on this planet. With men on the moon we have had a vision of "spaceship earth." (Fuller, 1969) humanity is thus moving from an age of separateness, national sovereignty and competition toward an age of interdependence, global unity, cooperation . The paradigms of materialistic science are giving way to recognition of subjective realms of experience that can be systematically studied with scientific method. (Tart, 1975) There is a recognition of the complementarity of intuition and reason. (Harman, 1969) Individuals are awakening to the notion that they can change their own consciousness from within--that they need not be confined by culture-bound views. (Ferguson, 1980)

People are now called upon to become responsible world citizens. There are enormous human potentials to be released, limits to be transcended and inner resources to be tapped by liberating ourselves from the viewpoints and values of the particular nation and subculture in which we live. A declaration of universal human rights has been developed by the United Nations that all could follow. The Nuremberg trials of Nazi war criminals have held individuals responsible to place universal principles of human conduct above the authority of a particular leader, nation or group.

Humanity is evolving mentally so that more and more individuals are learning to think for themselves, not blindly following leaders. As people find the means to change their consciousness from within they can form an enlightened public opinion that presses for world peace and goodwill toward all. There is a vision of a new civilization, a new world order, and a sense of optimism that in this time of international crisis with the danger of total destruction of life through nuclear holocaust, that humanity will rise to the occasion and triumph. These planet-wide movements toward synthesis are signs of the manifesting of an awareness of Universality and a Universal Will; and we are all subject to these unfolding evolutionary patterns. The choice for psychosynthesis is to participate in this progressive movement of a better world for all.

8. Summary
This is the second of two companion articles written as a detailed response to the question, "What is psychosynthesis?" The first article, Psychosynthesis in Western Psychology, brought out many of the unique features of psychosynthesis by comparing and contrasting it with other psychologies and by highlighting major influences on the development of psychosynthesis over the past seventy years. This article presents seven sets of ideas which I see as the foundations for a theory of psychosynthesis: synthesis, personality, evolution, energy, higher consciousness, the Self, and the will.

These basic constructs interweave to form a picture of a vast process of synthesis in human life. Psychosynthesis is one expression of that process in the field of Western psychology. The broad framework of ideas and practical methods of psychosynthesis can contribute to planetary health and well-being by providing guidance and inspiration to individuals and groups as we move through the great challenges of the last two decades of the twentieth century and beyond.

Psychosynthesis aims to foster psychological healing and growth in the human personality: to nurture inherent patterns of evolution toward an integration of that personality into a sense of wholeness and harmony. Then a further integration with other personalities is actively developed as well as a synthesis with higher consciousness. Psychosynthesis recognizes that the average human being has awareness and mastery of only a small fraction of the energies of our universe and that there is a potential to expand through contacting and expressing the many levels and qualities of the Self and its central function, the will.

Psychosynthesis emphasizes exploring the highest and best aspects of human nature and contributes toward the ideal of peace on earth and a high quality of life for all. At the same time, it recognizes the realities of the shadow side of human life-the individual and group pathology that is rampant in many quarters, and the clear and present dangers of ecocide and nuclear holocaust.

Psychosynthesis acknowledges that humanity must go through far-reaching changes to achieve its highest ideals. Psychosynthesis affirms the inherent goodness evident in most human beings and the dawning of a New Age that gives us cause to be optimistic for ourselves and for future generations. While this article emphasizes ideas, and the larger context in which individuals live and grow, psychosynthesis in practice is a down-to-earth approach to human development with applications to personal and spiritual growth, psychotherapy, education, medicine, business and the creative arts.

#TL10D: WILLPOWER AND PSYCHOSYNTHESIS

The Assagioli Egg

The Star Diagram