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Although Bacon had very little regard for either Plato or Aristotle, "Novum Organum" nevertheless exhibits a mixture of Platonistic and Aristotelian principles, and thus is fundamentally Platonistic (for no system can be built on the basis of Aristotelian principle if it "incorporates" Platonism; only within a Platonistic context can some fragments of Aristotelian knowledge be admixed, mainly as tools for non sequiturs). "Tertium Organum", by P.D. Ouspensky, a Russian mathematician-turned-mystic who studied under another Russian mystic, G.I. Gurdjieff, is characterized by its regression into Platonism with an Eastern philosophy/psychology undertone. His conception of consciousness, "cosmic consciousness", as well as his interpretation of Einstein's Theory of Relativity and fourth dimension, is highly mystical and thus has little to do with reality qua reality.
The following is a comparison chart that demonstrates the difference between Aristotle's Organum and Ouspensky's Tertium Organum:
| Organum: | A is A. A is not not-A. Each existent is either A or not-A. |
| Tertium Organum: | A is both A and not-A. or All is A and A is all. |
If A is both A and not-A, how can one identify A in the first place? If Tertium Organum is true, then everything loses its identity and nothing can be known -- even Tertium Organum itself cannot be known. Ouspensky recognizes that his logic is absurd and attempts to exculpate himself from this apparent contradiction by saying, "We must be prepared for the fact that it is impossible to express superlogical relations ("higher logic") in our language." What is his philosophy based upon? A profound mistrust and contempt in man's "ordinary" cognitive process and the power of reason. Where does his philosophy lead? To a complete denial of conceptual knowledge. His philosophy of "higher logic" is a total negation of reality in the name of "higher reality". Only those who are profoundly dissatisfied and unhappy with reality could aspire to such a philosophy. Yet, P.D. Ouspensky was one of the most brilliant Platonists in history, integrating Eastern mysticism into Platonism with remarkable intellectual sophistication.
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